Fungus nails are usually caused by the
growth of fungi called dermatophytes (such as Candida) though they may also be
the result of yeast or mold development as well. These microscopic organisms enter
the skin through miniscule cuts or abrasions between the nail and the nail bed,
and they require continuously warm and moist environments in order to survive
and spread. This is why fungus more often occurs in the toenails than the
fingernails; enclosed, damp shoes that maintain heat are a perfect environment
for this type of infection to occur, not to mention that there is often more
blood flow to the fingers than toes.
When fungus develops in the nails they often
become thick and brittle and begin to crumble. They may also appear ragged and
discolored and may separate from the nail-bed itself. Pain or discomfort is
often felt in the fingertips and a mildly foul odor may be present as well. It
is also possible for a sufferer to have a reaction to the fungus; this often
occurs in the form of red, itchy patches of skin or ulcerations called
dermatophtids and this reaction may develop on other parts of the body, not
just the hands or feet.
While the
physical symptoms of fungus nails are fairly evident doctors will often take a
nail scraping in order to perform a fungal culture or potassium hydroxide (KOH)
smear. It’s important to confirm that the nail infection is in fact fungus and
not another skin condition such as psoriasis, lichen planus, dermatitis,
eczema, or a nail bed tumour.
Fungal
infections of the nail occur more frequently in men and in the elderly. Other
factors that increase the risk of developing fungus nails include poor blood
circulation, having diabetes, psoriasis, athlete’s foot, or an immune disorder,
having a damaged or injured nail or nail-bed, humid work environments, walking
barefoot in public places such as pools, gyms, and shower stalls, and wearing
socks and shoes that do not allow for proper ventilation.
Nail fungus can
be difficult to treat and may require the use of topical creams and oral
medications, and it can up to four months before the infected nail has grown
out and been replaced with a healthier, new nail. Topical creams often help
with discomfort but will not likely cure the infection. In severe cases the
entire nail may be removed to allow for healthier re-growth.
The risk of
developing fungus nails can be reduced by keeping the nails short and clean;
socks and shoes should be clean and dry at all times and antifungal sprays and
powders will add an extra layer of protection as well. Sandals or shoes should
also be worn in all public areas, especially pools and gym locker rooms. To
protect the hands rubber gloves should be worn when exposed to water and
moisture, picking or biting the nails should be avoided and manicure and
pedicure tools should be properly sterilized before being used.
It’s also
important to note that if an infection is already present it’s important to
wash hands thoroughly after treating the infected areas as fungus nails can
spread from one nail to another.
Suzy Pickhall, who has got been a foot care expert for more many years has written a functional guide on how to combat Foot Pain in Ball of Foot , and Insoles and Shoe Inserts.
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